BackgroundThere is a need for better collaborative care between services to improve healthcare provision for people with intellectual disabilities. In the UK, the learning

disability psychiatry multidisciplinary team (MDT) is a specialist team responsible for providing and coordinating care for people with intellectual disabilities.AimsTo [...]

In this article, we analyse the legal framework for loyalty voting shares (LVS) in Belgium and the implications of the EU Directive on Multiple Voting Shares (MVS). We evaluate

the limited uptake and practical use of LVS, highlighting their function as a control-enhancing tool for insiders. [...]

In this article, I examine the current legal framework for multiple- and loyalty voting shares under Spanish corporate law. I first outline the key differences between public

and private companies regarding voting structures. I then analyse recent reforms, including the 2021 introduction of loyalty shares and the expected impact of Directive [...]

In this article, I examine the 2024 reform of Italian law on loyalty and multiple voting shares (LVS and MVS). After outlining the key changes introduced by the Legge Capitali

— especially the tenfold increase in permitted voting rights—I analyse their potential to reverse the trend of corporate migration to jurisdictions with more [...]

In this article, we examine the legal and practical landscape for multiple and loyalty voting structures under Dutch company law. We first outline the mechanisms available

to listed N.V.s, focusing on dual-class and loyalty shares. We then provide empirical insights into how these structures are used by Dutch companies listed domestically [...]

In this article, I examine the reintroduction of multiple voting shares (MVS) in German stock corporation law. I trace their historical development, from widespread use in

the Weimar Republic to their near-total prohibition from 1937 onward. I then analyse the cautious 2023 reform that lifted the ban, allowing MVS under a highly restrictive [...]

In this article, I examine the development of multiple voting rights in French company law, with a focus on listed companies. I first outline the traditional loyalty share

system and its gradual consolidation following the Florange Act. I then analyse the 2024 reform allowing multiple voting shares (MVS) at the time of listing. [...]

In this article, we analyse the growing regulatory competition between EU Member States regarding loyalty and multiple voting shares (MVS). We compare recent legislative developments

in seven jurisdictions and examine their approaches to voting ratios, allocation criteria, majority thresholds, agenda limitations, and sunset provisions. [...]

In this article, I discuss the implications of the Multiple Voting Rights Directive of 23 October 2024, which requires EU Member States to permit multiple voting structures

for companies listing on multilateral trading facilities. I reflect on the abandonment of the one-share-onevote principle, assess the risks of excessive flexibility [...]

The London Stock Exchange’s (LSE’s) approach to dual-class shares has meandered over the decades. Dual-class shares give privileged insiders the facility to hold voting

rights that are disproportionately high compared to their economic ownership interests in the company. [...]