This article argues that the ambiguous legal status of the principle of technological neutrality (PTN) within the WTO framework generates regulatory fragmentation and uncertainty

in digital trade governance. While implicitly embedded in agreements like TBT and Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), PTN faces divergent [...]

The proliferation of Generative Artificial Intelligence (Generative AI) presents a systemic challenge to the multilateral trading system, centred on its unresolved legal classification.

The determination of whether Generative AI constitutes ‘goods’ under General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) or ‘services’ under General Agreement on [...]

Fisheries subsidies have been part of the negotiating history of the World Trade Organization (WTO) since 2001, with an Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies (AFS) being reached

in 2022 and entering into force in 2025. The agreement is historic from the points of view of fisheries sustainability and the WTO as a multilateral institution governing [...]

Foreign imports that are dumped or subsidized are considered ‘unfair’ when they cause injury to the domestic producers. Under the World Trade Organization specific rules,

members are fully entitled to take unilateral action in the form of anti-dumping (AD) or anti-subsidy (AS) measures, which may result in additional import duties [...]

This paper examines how developing countries establish Customs Unions (CUs) under the Enabling Clause, implementing internal trade liberalization and Common External Tariffs

(CETs). Although these CUs aim to create single markets, they often face challenges such as incomplete CETs and unilateral deviations from agreed CETs due to domestic [...]

When the Covid-19 pandemic struck in early 2020, it spread quickly and wreaked havoc globally. Countries were forced to develop solutions and adopt practices to deal with the

fallout, in many cases where there was no existing playbook to rely on. New Zealand was not immune. [...]

Since April 2025, Brazilian exports have been subject to additional tariffs imposed by the United States, amounting to 50% on a substantial portion of the products exported

by Brazil. To date, there has been no indication of any relaxation of these tariff measures, nor of negotiations that could lead to a reduction in the applicable [...]

The European Union (EU) has been at the forefront of advocating global social and environmental governance through its sustainable supply chain initiatives under the ambit

of the EU Green Deal. The Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD) is a unilateral policy initiative that aims to mitigate potential adverse human [...]

China’s 2024 regulation on export control of dual use items led to a transformation from a fragmented and sector-specific management to a centralized and systemic governance

of export controls. This regulation, which is focused on national security broadly defined, established a comprehensive regulatory framework with centralized coordination [...]

International trade underwent a major reorganization after the end of World War II with the signing of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947. This was followed

with the conclusion of a Convention establishing a Customs Cooperation Council (CCC Convention) in 1950, demonstrating a determined effort by the respective contracting [...]